History of India

• James Mill (1773–1836), in his The History of British India (1817), distinguished three phases in the history of India, namely Hindu, Muslim and British civilisations.
•  This periodisation has been influential, but has also been criticised for the misconceptions it gave rise to. 
• Another influential periodisation is the division into "ancient, classical, medieval and modern periods", although this periodisation has also been criticised.
• Romila Thapar notes that the division into Hindu-Muslim-British periods of Indian history gives too much weight to "ruling dynasties and foreign invasions", neglecting the social-economic history which often showed a strong continuity.
• The division into Ancient-Medieval-Modern periods overlooks the fact that the Muslim conquests occurred gradually during which time many things came and went off, while the south was never completely conquered.
• According to Thapar, a periodisation could also be based on "significant social and economic changes", which are not strictly related to a change of ruling powers.

Random and Funny Facts

1. Banging your head against a wall burns 150 calories an hour.
2. In the UK, it is illegal to eat mince pies on Christmas Day!
3. Pteronophobia is the fear of being tickled by feathers!
4. When hippos are upset, their sweat turns red.
5. A flock of crows is known as a murder.
6. “Facebook Addiction Disorder” is a mental disorder identified by Psychologists.
7. The average woman uses her height in lipstick every 5 years.
8. 29th May is officially “Put a Pillow on Your Fridge Day“.
9. Cherophobia is the fear of fun.
10. Human saliva has a boiling point three times that of regular water.
    
11. If you lift a kangaroo’s tail off the ground it can’t hop.
12. Hyphephilia are people who get aroused by touching fabrics.
13. Billy goats urinate on their own heads to smell more attractive to females.
14. The person who invented the Frisbee was cremated and made into frisbees after he died!
15. During your lifetime, you will produce enough saliva to fill two swimming pools.
16. If Pinokio says “My Noes Will Grow Now”, it would cause a paradox.
17. Polar bears can eat as many as 86 penguins in a single sitting. (If they lived in the same place)
18. King Henry VIII slept with a gigantic axe beside him.
19. Bikinis and tampons invented by men.
20. An eagle can kill a young deer and fly away with it.

World Wide Web - History of Postage Stamps

World Wide Web

The World Wide Web was invented by the English computer scientist Timothy Berners-Lee in 1989. At the time, he was working at CERN, a particle physics laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland. Tim Berners-Lee came up with the idea, and created the software and tools needed for the Web. The first web page went online in 1991.

In 1989, the early internet was mostly a network of computers at colleges and laboratories. CERN was the largest internet node in Europe. Tim Berners-Lee wrote to his bosses about his idea for a large network of pages that would live on the internet. They supported his work, but they didn’t find commercial support at the time. Berners-Lee went ahead and built the tools for the web anyway, and had the main ones ready by the end of 1990.

• Tim Berners-Lee posted the first web page on August 6, 1991. The address was http://info.cern.ch, which now has a copy of the first web page, and information about the beginning of the World Wide Web.


• It is important to know the difference between the World Wide Web and the internet. The internet is the network of computers that information travels between. The World Wide Web is made up of all the web pages that are stored on these computers. Many other types of information move on the internet.


• Tim Berners-Lee was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 2004, and has received many other awards and honors for developing the World Wide Web.


• Sir Tim Berners-Lee is currently the director of the World Wide Web Consortium, also known as the W3C. The W3C discusses changes to the way the Web operates, and sets standards for web programming languages and browser software.


• The World Wide Web reached 1 billion websites in September, 2014.

Ball Point Pens - History of Ball Point Pens

Ball Point Pens

The first successful ball point pen was invented by a Hungarian editor in the 1930s named László Bíró, who was looking for a way to use fast-drying newspaper ink for handwriting. Although his invention was the first successful ball point pen designed, others had tried for several years to create a more convenient writing instrument.

László's brother György was a chemist, and helped him to develop an ink that would work perfectly with his new pen design. The brothers filed a patent for their invention of the ball point pen in 1938, just in time for use by British pilots in World War II.

• The first patent granted for a ball point pen design was in 1888 to John J. Loud. His design was useful for marking leather but not for writing on paper and his patent eventually lapsed.
• The ball point pen was invented to replace the fountain pen, and the earlier writing instruments still used by many, quills and ink pots. These older writing devices often smeared, smudged, and splattered. Ink pot spills were also a big problem, as ink stains almost anything it touches.
• Marcel Bich purchased the patent for the ball point pen from the Bíró brothers in 1945. He later shortened his name to BIC, the famous pen company we know today.
• Bic's redesign made ball point pens affordable to everyone.
• Approximately 14 million Bic pens are sold every day around the world.
• In some countries, ball point pens are still referred to as 'Biros'.

Spanish Numbers 1-100

0: cero (say-ro)1: uno(oo-no)2: dos(dose)3:tres(trace)4:cuatro(kwat-ro)5:cinco(sink-o)6:seis(saze)7:siete(see-yet-eh)8: ocho(och-o)9: nueve(new-eh-veh)10: diez(dee-ace)11: once(ohn-say)12: doce(dos-say)13: trece(treh-seh)14: catorce(ca-TOR-say)15: quince(KEEN-say)16: dieciséis(dee-AY-see-saze)17: diecisiete(dee-AY-see-see-AY-tay )18: dieciocho(dee-AY-see-och-o)19: diecinueve(dee-AY-see-new-EH-veh)20: veinte(Veh-een-tee)21: veintiuno(Veh-een-tee-oo-no)22: veintidós(Veh-een-tee-DOS)23: veintitrés(Veh-een-tee-TRACE)24: veinticuatro(Veh-een-tee-KWAT-ro)25: veinticinco(Veh-een-tee-SINK-o)26: veintiséis(Veh-een-tee-saze)27: veintisiete(Veh-een-tee-see-ay-tay)28: veintiocho(Veh-een-tee-OCH-o)29: veintinueve(Veh-een-tee-new-EH-veh)30:treinta(treh-een-tah)31: treinta y uno(treh-een-tah ee oo-no)32: treinta y dos(treh-een-tah ee DOS)33: treinta y tres(treh-een-tah ee tres)34: treinta y cuatro(treh-een-tah ee KWAT-ro)35: treinta y cinco(treh-een-tah ee SINK-o)36: treinta y seis(treh-een-tah ee saze)37: treinta y siete(treh-een-tah ee see-ay-tay)38: treinta y ocho(treh-een-tah ee OCH-o)39 treinta y nueve(treh-een-tah ee new-EH-veh)40 cuarenta(kwar-EN-tah)41 cuarenta y uno(kwar-EN-tah ee oo-no)42 cuarenta y dos(kwar-EN-tah ee DOS)43 cuarenta y tres(kwar-EN-tah ee tres)44 cuarenta y cuatro(kwar-EN-tah ee KWAT-ro)45 cuarenta y cinco(kwar-EN-tah ee SINK-o)46 cuarenta y seis(kwar-EN-tah ee saze)47 cuarenta y siete(kwar-EN-tah ee see-ay-tay)48 cuarenta y ocho(kwar-EN-tah ee OCH-o)49 cuarenta y nueve(kwar-EN-tah ee new-EH-veh)50 cincuenta(sink-KWEN-tah)51 cincuenta y uno(sink-KWEN-tah ee oo-no)52 cincuenta y dos(sink-KWEN-tah ee DOS)53 cincuenta y tres(sink-KWEN-tah ee tres)54 cincuenta y cuatro(sink-KWEN-tah ee KWAT-ro)55 cincuenta y cinco(sink-KWEN-tah ee SINK-o)56 cincuenta y seis(sink-KWEN-tah ee saze)57 cincuenta y siete(sink-KWEN-tah ee see-ay-tay)58 cincuenta y ocho(sink-KWEN-tah ee OCH-o)59 cincuenta y nueve(sink-KWEN-tah ee new-EH-veh)60 sesenta(seh-SEHN-tah)61 sesenta y uno(seh-SEHN-tah ee oo-no)62 sesenta y dos(seh-SEHN-tah ee DOS)63 sesenta y tres(seh-SEHN-tah ee tres)64 sesenta y cuatro(seh-SEHN-tah ee KWAT-ro)65 sesenta y cinco(seh-SEHN-tah ee SINK-o)66 sesenta y seis(seh-SEHN-tah ee saze)67 sesenta y siete(seh-SEHN-tah ee see-ay-tay)68 sesenta y ocho(seh-SEHN-tah ee OCH-o)69 sesenta y nueve(seh-SEHN-tah ee new-EH-veh)70 setenta(seh-TEHN-tah)71 setenta y uno(seh-TEHN-tah ee oo-no)72 setenta y dos(seh-TEHN-tah ee DOS)73 setenta y tres(seh-TEHN-tah ee tres)74 setenta y cuatro(seh-TEHN-tah ee KWAT-ro)75 setenta y cinco(seh-TEHN-tah ee SINK-o)76 setenta y seis(seh-TEHN-tah ee saze)77 setenta y siete(seh-TEHN-tah ee see-ay-tay)78 setenta y ocho(seh-TEHN-tah ee OCH-o)79 setenta y nueve(seh-TEHN-tah ee new-EH-veh)80 ochenta(och-EHN-tah)81 ochenta y uno(och-EHN-tah ee oo-no)82 ochenta y dos(och-EHN-tah ee DOS)83 ochenta y tres(och-EHN-tah ee tres)84 ochenta y cuatro(och-EHN-tah ee KWAT-ro)85 ochenta y cinco(och-EHN-tah ee SINK-o)86 ochenta y seis(och-EHN-tah ee saze)87 ochenta y siete(och-EHN-tah ee see-ay-tay)88 ochenta y ocho(och-EHN-tah ee OCH-o)89 ochenta y nueve(och-EHN-tah ee new-EH-veh)90 noventa(no-VEHN-tah)91 noventa y uno(no-VEHN-tah ee oo-no)92 noventa y dos(no-VEHN-tah ee DOS)93 noventa y tres(no-VEHN-tah ee tres)94 noventa y cuatro(no-VEHN-tah ee KWAT-ro)95 noventa y cinco(no-VEHN-tah ee SINK-o)96 noventa y seis(no-VEHN-tah ee saze)97 noventa y siete(no-VEHN-tah ee see-ay-tay)98 noventa y ocho(no-VEHN-tah ee OCH-o)99 noventa y nueve(no-VEHN-tah ee new-EH-veh)100 cien(see-EHN)

States and Capitals of India

Capital of India

Country	Capital
India	New Delhi

States and Capitals of India

S.no	State	Capital
1	Andhra Pradesh	Hyderabad (De jure - 2 June 2024) Amaravati (proposed)
2	Arunachal Pradesh	Itanagar
3	Assam	Dispur
4	Bihar	Patna
5	Chhattisgarh	Raipur
6	Goa	Panaji
7	Gujarat	Gandhinagar
8	Haryana	Chandigarh
9	Himachal Pradesh	Shimla
10	Jammu and Kashmir	Srinagar (summer), Jammu (winter)
11	Jharkhand	Ranchi
12	Karnataka	Bengaluru
13	Kerala	Thiruvananthapuram
14	Madhya Pradesh	Bhopal
15	Maharashtra	Mumbai
16	Manipur	Imphal
17	Meghalaya	Shillong
18	Mizoram	Aizawl
19	Nagaland	Kohima
20	Odisha	Bhubaneswar
21	Punjab	Chandigarh
22	Rajasthan	Jaipur
23	Sikkim	Gangtok
24	Tamil Nadu	Chennai
25	Telangana	Hyderabad
26	Tripura	Agartala
27	Uttar Pradesh	Lucknow
28	Uttarakhand	Dehradun
29	West Bengal	Kolkata
S.no	Union Territories	Capital
1	Andaman and Nicobar Islands	Port Blair
2	Chandigarh	Chandigarh
3	Dadar and Nagar Haveli	Silvassa
4	Daman and Diu	Daman
5	Delhi	Delhi
6	Lakshadweep	Kavaratti
7	Puducherry	Pondicherry

National Flowers by Country

Country	National Flower	Interesting Information
Antigua & Barbuda	Dagger's Log (Agave Karatto Miller)	The yellow colored flowers rise from the large rosette of the Agave plant.
Argentina	Ceibo (Erythrina Crista-galli)	The flower was adopted on December 2, 1942.
Armenia	No National Flower	Armenia is the second most densely populated of the former Soviet Republics.
Australia	Golden Wattle (Acacia Pycnantha)	September 1 is National Wattle Day (Each of Australia's territories is also represented by an official flower).
Austria	Edelweiss (Leontopodium Alpinum)	The star-like flowers are short living perennials.
Azerbaijan	Not Chosen any Flower.	Azerbaijan was one of the first to declare independence of the country.
Bahamas	Yellow Elder or Yellow Cedar (Tecoma Stans)	The flowers bloom in late summer/early fall.
Bahrain	No National Flower	Bahrain is considered part of eastern Arabia.
Balearic Islands	Carnation (Dianthus Caryophyllus)	Carnations can be easily grown from cuttings.
Bangladesh	Water Lily (Nymehaea Nouchali)	Bangladesh adopted the flower in 1971.
Barbados	Pride of Barbados, also known as Dwarf Poinciana & Flower Fence (Poinciana Pulcherrima)	More common varieties of the flower are those with a fiery red and yellow "sunset color".
Belarus	Flax (Linum Usitatissimum)	The flowers last only until the heat of the mid-day sun hits them.
Belgium	Red Poppy (Papaver Rhoeas)	The flower is one of the easiest wildflowers to grow.
Belize	Black Orchid (Trichoglottis Brachiata)	Black Orchids acquired the name by virtue of their very dark intense color, which tends to be dark brown and maroon.
Bermuda	Blue-eyed Grass (Sisyrinchium Montanum)	The Blue-eyed Grass is a member of the iris family.
Bhutan	Blue poppy (Meconopsis Betonicifolia)	The flower is native to the rocky mountain slopes of Tibet.
Bohemia	Thyme (Thymus Vulgaris)	The pale pink flowers bloom at the tips of the stems in summer.
Bolivia	Kantuta (Cantua Buxifolia)	The tubular flowers come in wild form, magenta, bicolor and subtile (slightly bicolored) varieties.
Brazil	Cattleya Orchid (Cattleya Labiata)	Cattleya orchids are commonly called "corsage orchids" as the blooms are frequently used in corsages due to their exceptional beauty and fragrance.
British Columbia	Dogwood Tree Flower (Cornus Nuttalli)	The four-petaled white flowers bloom in spring.
Bulgaria	Rose (Rosa)	Roses are more fragrant on a sunny day.
Canada	Maple Leaf (Acer)	Maple syrup is made from the sap of sugar maple trees.
Cayman Islands	Wild Banana Orchid (Schomburgkia Thomsoniana)	This orchid specie is found only in the Cayman Islands.
Chile	Copihue/Chilean Bellflower (Lapageria Rosea)	The Chilean Bellflower is best grown on a partially shady and sheltered wall.
China	Plum Blossom (Prunus Mei)	Plum Blossoms are the earliest blooms of the year, indicating the start of spring.
Colombia	Christmas orchid (Cattleya Trianae)	The Christmas orchid has a fetid smell.
Costa Rica	Guaria Morada (Purple Orchid) (Cattleya Skinneri)	The flower was adopted on June 15, 1939.
Croatia	Iris Croatica (Hrvatska Perunika)	It grows only in the northern and northwestern Croatia.
Cuba	Butterfly Jasmine (Mariposa)	The white Butterfly Jasmine is an endemic Jasmine specie.
Cyprus	Rose (Rosa)	The more fragrant the rose, the shorter it's vase life.
Czech Republic	Rose (Rosa)	Miniature roses were first developed in China.
Denmark	Marguerite Daisy (Argyranthemum Frutescens)	Marguerites produce large, single, daisy-like flowers most of the summer.

Ecuador	Rose (Rosa)	Named from the equator, which crosses the country.
Egypt	Lotus (Nymphaea Lotus)	The pure white lotus flower, the only plant to fruit and flower simultaneously.
Estonia	Corn-flower or Bachelor's Button Centaurea (Cyanus)	The flower was adopted on June 23, 1988.
Ethiopia	Calla Lily	The flower is a solitary, showy, funnel shaped unfurling spathe.
France	Iris (Iris)	Iris flowers have three petals often called the "standards", and three outer petal-like sepals called the "falls".
French Polynesia	The Tiare (Gardenia Taitensis)	The flower is especially symbolic of Tahiti. The Tiare Anei is the emblem of the isle of Vavau. The Tiare Apetahi is the emblem of Raiatea.
Finland	Lily-of-the-Valley (Convallaria Majalis)	The Lily of the Valley are mostly used in bridal arrangements because of their sweet perfume.
Germany	Knapweed (Centaurea Cyanus)	In Germany, it is custom for an unmarried person to wear this flower in the buttonhole.
Greece	Bear's Breech (Acanthus Mollis)	The fresh or dried flower spikes are used in floral arrangements.
Greenland	Willow Herb (Epilobium)	The name Willow-herb refers to the willow-like form of the leaves.
Guam	Puti Tai Nobiu (Bougainvillea Spectabilis)	The flowers of the bougainvillea can be of several different colors from pink to red, orange, white and yellow.
Guatemala	White Nun Orchid or Monja Blanca (Lycaste Skinnerialba)	The flower is a rare flower in the Verapaz district of Guatemala symbolizing peace, beauty and art.
Guyana	Water Lily (Victoria Regia)	The largest flowers can measure 10 inches to one foot in diameter
Holland(The Netherlands)	Tulip (Tulipa)	Tulip bulbs are a good substitute for onions in cooking.
Honduras	Orchid (Brassavola Digbiana)	The rose was the national flower of Honduras from 1946-1969.
Hong Kong	Orchid (Bauhinia Blakeana)	The flower is Calyx tubular with a corolla of five petals colored in deep purple.
Hungary	Tulip (Tulipa)	Tulip is the common name for between 50 and 150 species of the genus Tulipa in the lily family, Liliaceae.
Iceland	Mountain Avens (Dryas Octopetala)	The flowers are produced on stalks of up to 10 cm long, with eight creamy-white petals.
India	Lotus (Nelumbo Nucifera)	The lotus is an aquatic perennial.
Indonesia	1) Melati (Jasmine) (Jasminum Sambac) 2) Moon Orchid (Phalaenopsis Amabilis) 3) Rafflesia (Rafflesia Arnoldi Indonesia)	Indonesia adopted the 3 flowers on June 5, 1990 to mark the World Environment Day
Iran	Red Rose (Rosa)	To make a dark red rose appear blacker, its stem can be put in water that has black ink in it.
Iraq	Rose (Rosa)	The rose is said to be originally from Persia and was introduced to the west by Alexander.
Ireland	Shamrock	Shamrock is the common name for several unrelated herbaceous plants with trifoliate leaves.
Israel	No National Flower	Israel is located in the Middle East.
Italy	Stylized Lily	Even the Iris is said to be the Flower Emblem of France.
Jamaica	Lignum Vitae or Wood of Life (Guaiacum Sanctum)	The flower is indigenous to Jamaica and was found by Christopher Columbus.
Japan	Chrysanthemum (Imperial), Cherry Blossom Sakura	The sakura trees are the subject of the annual National Cherry Blossom Festival in Japan
Jordan	Black Iris (Iris Nigricans)	The dark purple colored Iris has six petals, three which are drooping and three upright.
Laos	Champa Flower(Calophyllum Inophyllum), also known as Plumeria.	The attractive white flowers are scented and waxy.
Kazakhstan	Lily(Lilium) serves as the Unofficial National Flower.	Citizens are guaranteed free secondary education.
Kuwait	Rhanterum Epapposum, locally called Arfaj.	Have more than 10% estimated oil reserves of the world with it.
Kyrgyzstan	Shyrdak Symbols of Kyrgyzstan and also the Tulip.	The Kyrgyz came under tsarist Russian rule during the 19th century.
Latvia	Oxeye Daisy, or Pipene (Leucanthemum Vulgare)	The flower was earlier known as Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum
Lebanon	No National Flower	Cedar of Lebanon is the National Tree of Lebanon.

Liberia	Pepper	These are small, white, star-shaped flowers.
Libya	Pomegranate blossom	The flowers are with fiery red blossoms.
Lithuania	Rue or Herb of Grace (Ruta graveolens)	The Rue's fragrance is strong, characteristically aromatic and sweet.
Luxembourg	Rose (Rosa)	One of the most famous rose gardens was planted by Empress Josephine at the Chateau de la Malmaison in France on 1804.
Madagascar	Poinciana (Delonix Regia)	In early summer, the voluminous red blooms appear and hold for 4-8 weeks.
Maldives	Pink Rose (Rosa)	The oldest painting in the world depicts a five-petaled pink rose.
Malta	The Maltese Centaury Paleocyanus Crasifoleus	The flower was adopted in the early 1970s
Republic of Moldova	No Flower has been Designated.	Moldova became the first former Soviet state to elect a Communist as its President in 2001.
New Zealand	Kowhai	Kowhai or botanically known as Sophora Microphylla, is a beautiful yellow or golden flower.
Paraguay	Jasmine-of-the-Paraguay	Jasmine flowers are white in most species.
Peru	Kantuta, Inca magic flower	Kantuta come in 4 varieties: wild form, Magenta, bicolor and Subtile.
Philippines	Sampaguita (Jasminum Sambac)	The flower blooms full-year and have white, small, dainty, star-shaped blossoms, which open at night and wilt in less than a day.
Poland	Corn Poppy (Papaver Rhoeas)	Corn Poppy or Red Poppy is the wild poppy of agricultural cultivation.
Portugal	Lavender	Used in cooking, the potency of the lavender flowers increase with drying.
Puerto Rico	Puerto Rican Hibiscus, or Flor de Maga (Montezuma Speciossisima)	The common garden Hibiscus is also known in some areas as the "Rose of Althea" or "Rose of Sharon".
Republic of Molossia	Common Sagebrush (Artemisia Tridentata)	Common Sagebrush is very drought tolerant and needs good drainage.
Romania	Dog Rose (Rosa Canina)	The white or pink 5-petalled flowers are 4-6 cm across and come in clusters of 1-5.
Russia	Camomile (Matricaria Recutita)	The flower has an aromatic, fruity and floral fragrance.
San Marino	Cyclamen (Cyclamen)	The flowers are produced in whorls of 3-10, with each flower on a slender stem 3-12 cm tall with five united petals.
Scotland	Thistle (Cirsium Altissimum)	The thistle flower is a favorite flower among butterflies.
Seychelles	Tropicbird Orchid	These are sprays of white flowers with long spurs like the tails of tropicbirds.
Sicily	Carnation (Dianthus Caryophyllus)	The carnation is native to Eurasia and has been cultivated for more than 20 centuries.
Singapore	Vanda Miss Joaquim Orchid	The flower is a hybrid orchid between Vanda teres & Vanda hookeriana
Slovakia	Rose (Rosa)	The first historical reference of the rose is by the Sumerians from ancient Mesopotamia.
Slovenia	Carnation (Dianthus Caryophyllus)	Carnations can be propagated by planting young flowering shoots.
Spain	Red carnation	The National Flower of Spain is the Red Carnation.
Sri Lanka	Nil Mahanel Water Lily (Nympheae Stellata)	The flower, a blue water lily, was adopted on Feb. 26, 1986.
S. Africa	Protea (Protea Cynaroides)	The King protea is originally from the Cape Town area of South Africa.
S. Korea	Rose of Sharon (Moogoonghwa) (Hibiscus Syriacus)	Hibiscus Syriacus are pink-mauve single flowers having a dark magenta eye. The flower is not a rose, but its large exotic blossoms attract hummingbirds and tiny insects.
Sweden	Linnea (Linnea Borealis)	The flowers are pink, bell-like, very fragrant and grow in pairs.
Switzerland	Edelweiss (Leontopodium Alpinum)	The flowers are starfish-like white, wooly blooms.
Syria	Jasmine	Jasmine flowers are generally white, although some species have yellow flowers.
Tahiti	Tahitian Gardenia (Gardenia Taitensis)	The flowers are fragrant and are good for cutting.
Taiwan(Republic of China)	Plum blossom (Prunus Mei)	Most plum blossoms have five petals and range in color from white to dark pink.
Thailand	Ratchaphruek	The color of the flower is shining yellow contrasting great importance.
Trinidad and Tobago	Chaconia (Warszewiczia Coccinea)	The flower is also known as the Pride of Trinidad & Tobago or Wild Poinsettia
Tonga	Red-blossomed Heilala	The Red-blossomed Heilala festival in Tonga is celebrated during the Heilala Festival every July 4.
Turkey	Tulip (Tulipa)	Tulips do not grow in the open or in tropical climates as they need cold winters to grow.
Turkmenistan	Not yet selected any flower.	Turkmenistan contains the fifth largest reserves of natural gas in the world.
Ukraine	Sunflower (Helianthus Annuus)	Most flower heads on a field of blooming sunflowers are turned towards the east, the direction of sun rise.
United States of America	Rose (Rosa)	The rose was officially adopted on November 20, 1986.
United Kingdom(England)	Tudor Rose (Rosa)	The Tudor Rose is a graphic design created by King Henry VII in 1485, with a red rose laid atop a white one.
United Kingdom (Wales)	Leek (Babbingtons Leek), Daffodil (Narcissus Amaryllidaceae)	The Leek and the Daffodil are both emblems of Wales. The national flower of Wales is usually considered to be the Daffodil. However, the Leek has even older associations as a traditional symbol of Wales - possibly because of its colors, white over green that echo the ancient Welsh flag.
Uruguay	Ceibo Erythrina (Crista-Galli)	Ceibo Erythrina are bright red flowers.
Uzbekistan	Not selected any flower.	Being one of the most populous countries of Central Asia.
Venezuela	Orchid	Orchids form the world's largest family of plants.
Virgin Islands	Yellow Elder or Yellow Trumpet (Tecoma Stans)	The yellow flowers have a very sweet fragrance and attract hummingbirds, butterflies and/or birds.
Yemen	Arabian Coffee (Coffea Arabica)	Individual coffee flowers are white, fragrant, with waxy, linear petals.
Yugoslavia	Lily of the Valley (Convallaria Majalis)	Lily of the Valley are fragrant bell shaped flowers.
Zimbabwe	Flame Lily (Gloriosa Rothschildiana)	The large, claw like flowers open yellow and red and then change to a rich claret edged with gold.